1. Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence
Overview of the Indian economy before 1947
Agricultural sector: Characteristics and challenges
Industrial sector: De-industrialization and its effects
Foreign trade and its implications
Economic challenges faced during colonial rule
2. Economic Planning in India
Definition and importance of economic planning
Five-Year Plans: Objectives and achievements
Planning Commission and its role
Critiques of planned development
3. Economic Reforms (1991 Onwards)
Liberalization: Definition and impact on the economy
Privatization: Objectives and outcomes
Globalization: Effects on Indian economy and society
Changes in trade policies and their implications
4. Agriculture in India
Importance of agriculture in the Indian economy
Agricultural productivity: Factors affecting it
Green Revolution: Achievements and challenges
Agricultural policies and reforms
5. Industry and Services Sector
Industrialization in India: Historical context and current trends
Role of small-scale industries (SSIs)
Service sector growth: Importance and contribution to GDP
Challenges faced by the industrial sector
6. Human Capital Formation
Definition and significance of human capital
Education, health, and skill development as components of human capital
Government initiatives for human capital development
7. Employment Generation
Types of employment in India: Formal vs. informal sector
Employment policies and programs (e.g., MGNREGA)
Issues related to unemployment and underemployment
8. Poverty in India
Definition and measurement of poverty
Causes of poverty in India
Government schemes for poverty alleviation (e.g., PDS, PMAY)
9. Inequality in Income Distribution
Concepts of income inequality and wealth distribution
Factors contributing to inequality in India
Government policies aimed at reducing inequality
10. Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy
Inflation: Causes, effects, and control measures
Unemployment: Trends and government responses
Environmental sustainability issues related to economic growth
11. Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments
Importance of foreign trade for the Indian economy
Components of balance of payments: Current account vs. capital account
Trade policies and their impact on economic growth
12. Role of Government in the Economy
Fiscal policy: Definition, objectives, and instruments
Monetary policy: Role of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
Regulation of markets and industries